In this week's episode, we present two stories of science and motherhood, just in time for Mother's Day.
Part 1: Developmental biologist Pam Feliciano tries to understand her autistic son.
As Scientific Director of SPARKforAutism.org, Pamela Feliciano leads the effort to build the largest autism research cohort in the United States, to speed up research and improve lives. SPARK aims to build a partnership between 50,000 individuals with autism and their families and autism researchers. Feliciano has also been a senior scientist at SFARI, the largest private funder of autism research in the United States, since 2013. At SFARI, she has been involved in efforts to develop objective and reliable outcome measures for autism clinical trials. Previously, Feliciano was a senior editor at Nature Genetics, where she was responsible for managing the peer review process of research publications in all areas of genetics. While at Nature Genetics, Feliciano was engaged with the scientific community, attending conferences and giving talks and workshops on editorial decision-making at academic institutes worldwide.
Feliciano holds a B.S. from Cornell University, an M.S. from New York University and a Ph.D. in developmental biology from Stanford University. The journal Science named her Ph.D. thesis work on the parallel evolution of wild populations of three-spine stickleback fish part of the “Breakthrough of the Year” in 2005. Later, Feliciano completed her postdoctoral work with Nicholas Tolwinski at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, studying the establishment of planar cell polarity in epithelial sheets.
Part 2: Science writer Katharine Gammon thinks she’s gone into labor, but her doctor says she hasn’t.
Katharine Gammon is an award-winning freelance science writer based in Santa Monica, California. She has written about a wide range of topics, from childhood memory to sexually-transmitted diseases in koalas to designing cities on Mars for publications like Wired, Popular Science, Newsweek and Scientific American. Katharine grew up in Seattle as the child of two scientists, attended Princeton University and received a master’s degree from MIT. She taught English in the Peace Corps in Bulgaria before discovering science writing. With two little boys under age 4, she has endless fodder for her blog Kinderlab about child development, and in her miniscule free time she rides horses and wants to spend more time under sail.
Episode Transcript
Part 1: Pamela Feliciano
So when I was finishing my PhD in genetics in 2004, I had a baby. Surprisingly, he was really large. He was ten pounds and six ounces, but the story is not about how I gave birth to him. So he was perfect, he was beautiful.
When he was sixteen months old, we moved and there were cardboard boxes everywhere in the house. One day, we were unpacking and he started pointing out the letters and the numbers. Like G, M, five, seven. I was like, Wow. I had no idea my child knows the alphabet.
And then came the Orange Lego Mystery. So he had this big box of Legos. He never played with them. But I would find, from time to time, piles of orange Legos, just like of very specific size and shape, only these Legos, set aside in piles from the rest of the bucket from time to time. I was like, Wow. Between his emerging literacy and his analytical approach -- very scientific -- approach to Legos, I have a genius here.
So around that time he loved -- at bedtime, he would say, “Sing Puff. Sing Puff, Mama.” So I only knew one stanza of “Puff the Magic Dragon,” but he didn’t care. He wanted to hear it every night. And I guess after he turned two, I realized that I hadn’t heard him ask for that in a long time. Then, after a couple of weeks, I was like, Hmm.
So I called the doctor and I said, “You know, I know this is going to sound a little weird, but I feel like I haven't heard Dylan speak for a couple of weeks. He hasn’t asked for Puff and for the past months maybe he's said one word. Do you think that his vocal cords are strained or something?”
She asked me a couple of questions, and then she said, “Well, do you think he's regressing? Do you think he's losing skills?”
I was like, “Regressing? No, he's fine. He's not regressing.”
And she said, “Well, why don’t you take him, make an appointment for a hearing test, and then also take him for a speech evaluation.” So long couple of months, long story short, on a really, really hot summer day in 2007, I took him to a developmental pediatrician. We walked into the office, and he sees this alphabet rug on the floor and he makes a total beeline for it and he starts labeling the letters and the numbers. I’m like, My kid is so smart.
The doctor tries to get him to play with an Elmo doll, and she's like, “Dylan, feed Elmo. Give Elmo a drink of water.” And Dylan is not interested in Elmo. I thought, That’s fine. Like who has time for Elmo anyway? Who cares? He doesn’t need to play with Elmo. He doesn’t want to do that. He's too busy turning on and off the lights, which were more interesting to him, and opening and closing the door, which I thought was also fine.
So twenty minutes goes by and she turns to me and she says, “I’m really sorry to have to tell you this, but your son, he meets criteria for autism spectrum disorder.”
I was like, “No. No, I don’t think so.” I’m thinking like, She literally has only known him for twenty minutes. I know that she's a doctor, but I have a PhD. I’m a post-doc. This is not happening. I know my son. I would know.
So I pushed back at her, like a good scientist. I said, “What evidence do you have for this conclusion?” She looked at me gently and she started listing all the milestones he wasn’t hitting.
“Well, he doesn’t respond to his name. He doesn’t have much eye contact. He doesn’t have functional language.” So this was really huge to me. I did not know this. But she said, “He can speak. He can say words. He can repeat what you're saying, but he doesn’t use it for any functional purpose. There's no motive behind his communication.”
I was like, “Oh.”
And she said, “And there's more. He doesn’t nod his head yes or no, and he doesn’t even wave hello or goodbye.”
Still I was skeptical. I mean, I’m a scientist. And so I said, “But how are you so sure? He's only two and a half. How come you don’t know that he can develop his skills in the next year? I mean, he's only two and a half.”
And she said, “Well, that is a rare possibility, but today he has autism.”
And I said, “Okay. Even if all that is true, I signed him up for nursery school.” I still wasn’t buying it. I was like, “I signed him up for nursery school and he's starting in six weeks so that should be enough time to deal with this autism thing, right?”
She was like, “No. Dylan is not going to go to nursery school.” Then she really blew my mind. She said, “What Dylan needs is intensive intervention. He needs forty hours a week of one-on-one therapy for a couple of years.” And this was ten years ago. So she said, “And these therapists are going to be really hard to come by because there aren’t that many of them. And none of this is going to be covered by your health insurance so it’s going to be kind of challenging.”
So I said, “Okay.”
So we went home and it was really stressful for those couple of months after diagnosis. I was either in a state of like extreme despair or denial. Clearly, I was in denial. And I lost a lot of weight and I ended up getting divorced. After the divorce, there wasn’t much left between the autism and the divorce so I had a choice. I could either spend most of my income on rent and live in an apartment or I could take that couple of thousand dollars and use it to pay for therapy so that Dylan would have therapy every day after school so he would get the forty hours. Because they made such a big deal about, He needs as much as you can get and he needs that forty hours and thirty isn’t enough. And if you can get fifty, that’s even better.
So we moved into my parents’ basement, the two kids and I. That lasted for a year before it got too challenging. So then after that we moved into a really small one-bedroom third-floor attic apartment. When we moved in, I said to the landlord, “We need window guards here. I have two young kids. One of them has special needs.”
And he said, “Well, I can put window guards on, but I can only do it on all the windows and each window is going to be like two hundred, three hundred dollars.” So there's that, and I was like, Whoa. That’s not going to happen.
I figured I could come up with a cheaper solution. Duct tape, which worked really well. I took a roll of duct tape and I literally put it on the window sills on the bottom. Like this is fine. Just for a while until I could figure something else out.
Photo by Nicholas Santasier.
When we moved into that apartment, Dylan had been getting therapy for at least three years by that point so he had actually started to make some progress. He had gained some language, but at that point his language was really just meaningful to him. So he only liked to talk about things that were really of interest to him, his restricted interest, so to speak. So this can vary depending on the person, but lots of people with autism have restricted interests. And for Dylan, his restricted interest was hand dryers in public restrooms. So he would always ask me, and he still does, “Can we go to Starbucks…” Well, he wouldn’t say that because he doesn’t have so many words. But he would basically want to go to Starbucks to see the trapezoid dryers. I had no idea what trapezoid dryers meant.
But after a while I’m observant and I realized that the trapezoid dryer means XLERATOR brand hand dryers. So you all know what those are. Those like super-powerful things that when you put your hands under you are amazed by the strength of the hand drying that occurs on your hands. So I realized that’s what he meant.
So we’d go to Starbucks and he would get his trapezoid dryer fix and I would get my latte. So this is good.
After literally a year and a half of observing the trapezoid dryer behavior, I was like, You know, maybe if I get down at his level and experience this hand dryer exactly like Dylan does, I will understand the hand dryer. And so I did.
You know, like the bathroom it can be kind of gross. People leave toilet paper. Like why do people do that? Like the toilet paper on the floor?
So I got down on my knees next to Dylan and I’m like looking up into this hand dryer exactly like he does, because he sticks his face right into the vents. And so I do that and I’m like, Holy… I can’t believe what I see. It’s the vents of the dryer are in the shape of a right trapezoid. Seriously.
You all are not amazed as much as I was, but when that happened I was like, Oh, my God. I have figured out autism. I have figured it out. Yeah, it was pretty awesome.
But I thought it was a really good example of his language at that time because he did have language, but the language that he used, it was meaningful only to him and only about stuff he cared about. It didn’t matter for a year and a half I had no f-ing idea what he meant by trapezoid dryer.
So when he’d come home I would always say to him when he got off the bus, “Dyl, how was school? Did you have a good day? Were you good? Did you behave?” He would answer me very briefly, but he would.
So one other thing about kids with autism is like they don’t use pronouns correctly. So when you call him, you're like, “You, how did you have your day?” And so he calls himself “you,” not “me,” so it gets confusing.
So I’m like, “How was your day?” And he would always say, “Yes. Yes, you did behave. You did be flexible.” And I’m like, “Great.”
Or other days he’d be like, “No, no, I did not behave.” Oh, he didn’t say “I.” Sorry. He would say, “No, you did not behave.” So this just went on every day for like months.
And so one day he runs off of the bus and he runs up to me, looks at me very happily, and he's like. “Did you behave at school today? Yes, you did.” And I was like, Wow. Because it was like he was starting to link that conversation with that context, and that was huge, just to be able to link those two things together even if it was this weird conversation with him, but not really. So I was pumped.
One other thing that I learned along the way is that a lot of kids with autism have sleep issues, literally. And Dylan is lucky. He does sleep, which is good for me. But it takes him a long time to get there. So he will toss and turn for like three or four hours before he goes to bed.
And at that time, there was one day I was just so sick of having to go back in and trying to get him to bed and I was like I am not doing that tonight. I have a lot of work for Nature Genetics I need to do and, like, reject a lot of papers. So I’m like, I have to get this work done. I’m not going in there. I’m not going in there.
So I’m, like, on my laptop, whatever, and I hear him making noise and it’s like okay. It’s nothing crazy. Then around 11:30, I’m like, “Okay, it’s time for bed.”
So I go into the bedroom that I shared with the two kids, and Dylan’s awake and he's sitting up in his bed and I’m, like, looking around. There's a nightlight in there so I can see a little bit but not everything. I’m like, Hmm, those laundry baskets that are next to the bed aren’t there. That’s kind of weird. Then like next to the dresser I’m like, Ooh, there's usually two carry-ons stuck in between the dresser and the wall and they're not there.
Then I’m, like, looking at my younger son and he's fast asleep, which is great because he can sleep through an apocalypse, which is great when you have a brother with autism. So he's asleep on his bed, but there's no pillow and there's no blanket. And like Dylan, he's sitting on a bare bed. Like nothing. Like there's no sheets, no blanket, no pillow, no mattress pad. I’m like, What is going on?
And I look over and there's a window that’s open, but not from the bottom because I had sealed it shut with duct tape. But from the top, like it was broken or whatever. So it’s half open and the windows, there's no window screen. I’m like, Oh, my God. It dawned on me what had happened.
In the middle of the night, my son with autism had decided to throw all of our belongings out the window, eleven-thirty, twelve -- midnight. And I’m like, Oh, my God.
And so I call my mom like, “Mom, I don't know what to do. Dylan threw everything out the window.” Like really, it was bad.
So I go down in the bushes like picking up Legos and toys. I find my iPad out there I’m like, Thank God. This is my work iPad. It didn’t break. Then I even found my nice digital camera in the bushes and I’m like, Okay, this is good. At least this didn’t break. I’m like crying.
And then my neighbor who lives downstairs who was also a single mom comes out and she like tells me, “Pamela, God only gives us what we’re strong enough to handle.” I’m like, Um. Oh, okay. I’m like, I don’t think that’s helpful. But I was grateful. She made an effort. Usually she would like leave me notes like, “I think you hit my car,” and I’m like, I didn’t hit your car. So this was a lot for her. I was like, “Okay.”
So I go back upstairs and I’m like, “Dyl, buddy. Why? Why did you do this?” And I look at him and he looks at me and there's just no language. There is not going to be a why. There is never going to be a why, ever. I think we all have this idea in our head that maybe there's like a moment in our lives when we had a rock bottom, and that was mine.
So with time, I gained perspective. In time, that actually happens. And I realized, once I had thought about it, that it was actually pretty funny. I mean, why would you throw everything out the window? Like there's no reason. He wasn’t mad. He's too innocent. He wouldn’t even know how to be spiteful. He just did it because he could do it, I think. Or I don't know. I still might never know.
I realized also that if I was going to survive this life with autism with Dylan that I had to stop spending all this emotional bandwidth wondering why and I had to just… Why does Dylan have autism? Why did he throw [stuff] out the window? The answer is really simple. I don't know. And it’s okay.
So despite these really dark moments with Dylan, there's so much that he's given to me as a person and as a scientist and being able to be his mom and bear witness to his very unique journey in his life. It can be three steps forward, two steps back, but still there's progress and he moves upward and forward and it is really beautiful to witness.
And Dylan, because of his autism when I had the chance to join this amazing organization called the Simons Foundation. There's a part of the Simons Foundation that focuses on autism, and I had a chance to join them. I jumped at the chance. And today I’m scientific director of this really large study, the largest research study on autism ever. We’re recruiting tens of thousands of families into this study.
Every day at work… well, not every day because we’re too busy. I can’t look at the data every day. But some days, when I get the chance to look at the data, I do feel really overwhelmed because I see these rows and rows and rows of data. And I’m overwhelmed, not just by the size of our dataset but because I know that in each row, behind it there's a person like my son and a family like mine and a mom like me.
And I know that the parents want to know why. To be able to be a part of SPARK and to be able to be a person that gets to give information back to families about why feels so amazing.
And as a scientist, yes, I want SPARK to accelerate research and get to better treatments. But as a parent, what I really want SPARK to do is to get to better diagnosis days. Because I think that when a parent like me walks into a doctor’s office and gets blindsided by this diagnosis that is almost always a lifelong disability, there should be better answers to “Why?” and “What now?” Thank you.
Part 2: Katharine Gammon
So it’s 9:47 on a Thursday night this March, and I’m about to give birth on a sidewalk in Santa Monica. I know, right?
But let me back up a minute. I’m a science writer, as Brian mentioned, and my whole life is speaking to scientists and explaining it to the public. I’m the daughter of two scientists, and it’s something I take very seriously. My first son was born right on time a day before his due date and so I knew that, given the data from him, I had about an eighty-five percent chance of delivering my second kid right on time, or about right on time.
But I was still a little concerned when I woke up about a month before my due date with excruciating pain. I thought I might be in early labor, even more so because I sent emails to my editors telling them that my drafts might be late and they might have to give me a little wiggle room. That evening, after the labor pains continued all day, we packed our bags and headed to the hospital.
But minutes after arriving at the hospital, a tall, gray-haired man, who I’m going to call Dr. Bernstein, informed me that I was not in fact in labor. He said it was pre-labor. Contractions weren’t strong enough. I wasn’t dilated. His exact words were, “Go home. Take a Benadryl. Try to get some rest. This might happen on and off for the next five weeks so you should probably just relax.”
You can imagine how I felt. I was in a lot of pain and I was very frustrated. So my husband and I took our bags and did the walk of shame out of the hospital with no baby. On the car ride home, I started to cry a little bit. I just couldn’t imagine how I was going to live the next month of my life if this was going on and off and on and off. I couldn’t do anything about it. My husband, Evan, is the most optimistic person in the world, but I could tell that even he was starting to get a little frustrated with the situation.
But I’m a big believer in scientific authority. Like I said, I spent my daytimes trying to convince the public that things like climate change and vaccines are real and good and we should do something. So, armed with this new information, I did exactly what the doctor said. I went home, I took a Benadryl, and I went to sleep. The next morning, I woke up and I said, “Okay. This is my new reality. I’m just going to repeat to myself the mantra, ‘I’m not in labor, I’m not in labor.’”
So the whole day, I went through, picked up my son from his emergency overnight. I’m not in labor, I’m not in labor. I went to the park. I’m not in labor. Went shopping for a dinner party that we were throwing that night. I had to put my head down at the checkout stand at Vons because I was doubled over in labor pain, but, no, I’m not in labor.
We threw the dinner party around seven that night and our friends came over. And I had to explain to them that I wasn’t feeling very well, but I was definitely not in labor.
But somewhere between the roast pork and the dessert course, I suddenly found myself armed with a new piece of information. My body just couldn’t hold still. The pains were getting stronger and stronger, and I was unable to deal with them so I excused myself from the party. I went to the bathroom. I took a very long, very hot shower. Then I went to the bedroom and pulled on pajama pants and put on a T-shirt, and I lay down in the bed. I could still hear the dinner party happening just outside the door, and there were happy voices and laughing over the dessert.
I lay there in bed and I rolled around and tried to get comfortable. I was going to play a game with myself. I was going to wait ten minutes to see if this pain went away because I wasn’t in labor after all. I'd been told that I wasn’t in labor.
So I did yoga, I breathed, I didn’t breathe. Then I came up with a new mantra. I’m actually in labor, and not just labor. Like it is really advanced labor. Somehow I had cruised through centimeters one through ten and now I was in transition and I was about to start pushing.
So my body started to shake very violently, and that’s when I called my husband. I said, “We can’t stay here any longer. We need to go, like, now.”
He had his glass of wine. He's like, “What? What are you talking about? You're not in labor.” I said, “No, no, no, no. This time, this is real.”
So we took our bags, which were still packed from the night before, and we headed out the door. Then my husband waved to our friends at the dinner party. “We’ll be back in an hour,” he said.
As soon as we stepped out onto the sidewalk, I grabbed the wall next to our house and I said, “Honey, we waited too long. This baby is coming.” And to describe a little bit about labor, you go through the first stage and then there's a transitional phase, which was probably what I was experiencing on the bed, which was excruciating. And then there's the urge to push. People have described this in scientific literature as a truck plowing through your body. There is almost no way to stop this. But I tried.
So my husband says, very optimistically, “Get in the car. We can make it to the hospital.” I said, “Okay. Okay, I'll try that.” And I stepped into the front seat of our Subaru and closed the door behind me, and we were off like a shot.
He suddenly realized from my shaking that this was totally real and the baby was coming imminently. He took a right, then a left, then a right, and suddenly we were on the freeway… only to see a sea of brake lights, because this is LA after all.
At this point I was just screaming, “Fuck you, Dr. Bernstein! Why did you mansplain labor to me?!” And my husband heroically crossed several lanes of traffic to get off the freeway to take me to the closest local emergency room.
While we were in the car, the contractions were hitting me, just plowing through my body and I was gripping my knees together trying to keep this baby inside me and this baby was pushing his way out. And I felt myself rip as we were taking a right-hand turn. But suddenly we pulled up at the ER and I saw the glittering lights over there on the right and it said Emergency Room. And I was still in the car and the baby was still inside me.
I opened the door and I took one step out of the car… and, bam, everything changed. The first thing that I noticed was the feeling of being warm and wet from the waist down. And the second thing that I noticed was that there was something in my pants. The baby, from the force of changing the gravity from sitting to standing, had emerged from my body and was currently in my pajama pant leg.
So most parents imagine holding their newborn like this in their arms, but I was holding him like this so that he didn’t fall on the sidewalk. Worst of all, the third thing I noticed was that the baby was not making any noise. I must have made a noise, though, because Evan ran over from the driver’s side and, without saying a word to each other, I lifted up my pant leg and the tiny, bloody baby slid down into his arms. He was kneeling in front of me on the sidewalk.
Still the glittering lights of the emergency room were over here, but no one knew that we were there. And at that moment I looked down and I saw the baby and I saw my husband holding him, cradling him to his chest, and the baby looked up me and gave this ginormous yell. And I knew that everything was going to be okay because he was pink and he was screaming, and Apgar blah, blah, blah – it’s great.
But we still had this problem, because we were like conjoined triplets. I was attached to the baby through my pant leg. The baby was being held by my husband and none of us could move. We waited a full minute, which felt like several hours, before someone emerged from the emergency room to check out who these people were on a darkened sidewalk. The guy’s eyes got really big when he took in the situation of me covered in goo and the tiny, bloody baby with abrasions on his forehead from shooting out into the cotton pajama pants.
After that, everything started to go just boom, boom, boom, boom. Super fast. A bed was brought out and then they held up curtains as they took my pants off. I was like, "Why don’t you cut them?” But they took them off very carefully and put them in a plastic bag. Then they cut the cord right there on the sidewalk with something that looked like safety scissors. Then they came out and offered warm blankets, and my husband was like, “No, I’m good.” They were like, “No, dipshit. It’s for the baby.”
Then suddenly I was on the bed and the baby was on my chest and we were being wheeled into the glorious hospital with the glorious doctors and the drugs and all the things that I wanted for my birth. And there was this standing ovation in the waiting room as we entered as everyone got to see this tiny, tiny baby. He was so small. He was only four and a half pounds when he was born, which might have been why it was so easy for him to just sloosh out on the sidewalk.
We texted our friends after we got into the hospital – it was seventeen minutes after we left home – a picture of the newborn baby. They were very surprised and they agreed to spend the night at our house because our sleeping toddler was still there. That turned out all right.
And I still believe in scientific authority, but I do think that it’s important to trust your own instincts in situations, especially when someone who’s tall and male and has gray hair tries to explain your own body to you. Thank you.